A must-read follow-up to The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, one of the most important books of the twentieth century. This book contains the text of Thomas S. Kuhn's unfinished book, The Plurality of Worlds: An Evolutionary Theory of Scientific Development, which Kuhn himself described as a return to the central claims of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions and the problems that it raised but did not resolve. The Plurality of Worlds is preceded by two related texts that Kuhn publicly delivered but never published in English: his paper "Scientific Knowledge as Historical Product" and his Shearman Memorial Lectures, "The Presence of Past Science." An introduction by the editor describes the origins and structure of The Plurality of Worlds and sheds light on its central philosophical problems. Kuhn's aims in his last writings are bold. He sets out to develop an empirically grounded theory of meaning that would allow him to make sense of both the possibility of historical understanding and the inevitability of incommensurability between past and present science. In his view, incommensurability is fully compatible with a robust notion of the real world that science investigates, the rationality of scientific change, and the idea that scientific development is progressive.

A good book may have the power to change the way we see the world, but a great book actually becomes part of our daily consciousness, pervading our thinking to the point that we take it for granted, and we forget how provocative and challenging its ideas once were-and still are. "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" is that kind of book. When it was first published in 1962, it was a landmark event in the history and philosophy of science. And fifty years later, it still has many lessons to teach. With "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions", Kuhn challenged long-standing linear notions of scientific progress, arguing that transformative ideas don't arise from the day-to-day, gradual process of experimentation and data accumulation, but that revolutions in science, those breakthrough moments that disrupt accepted thinking and offer unanticipated ideas, occur outside of "normal science," as he called it. Though Kuhn was writing when physics ruled the sciences, his ideas on how scientific revolutions bring order to the anomalies that amass over time in research experiments are still instructive in our biotech age. This new edition of Kuhn's essential work in the history of science includes an insightful introductory essay by Ian Hacking that clarifies terms popularized by Kuhn, including paradigm and incommensurability, and applies Kuhn's ideas to the science of today. Usefully keyed to the separate sections of the book, Hacking's essay provides important background information as well as a contemporary context. Newly designed, with an expanded index, this edition will be eagerly welcomed by the next generation of readers seeking to understand the history of our perspectives on science.

The early twentieth century brought about the rejection by physicists of the doctrine of determinism - the belief that complete knowledge of the initial conditions of an interaction in nature allows precise and unambiguous prediction of the outcome. This book traces the origins of a central problem leading to this change in viewpoint and paradoxes raised by attempts to formulate a consistent theory of the nature of light. It outlines the different approaches adopted by members of different national cultures to the apparent inconsistencies, explains why Einstein's early (1905) attempt at a resolution was not taken seriously for fifteen years, and describes the mixture of ideas that created a route to a new, antideterministic formulation of the laws of nature. Dr Wheaton describes the experimental work on the new forms of radiation found at the turn of the century and shows how the interpretation of energy transfer from X-rays to matter gradually transformed a classical wave explanation of light to one based on particle like quanta of energy, and further, he explains how influential scientists came reluctantly to accept a wavelike interpretation of matter as well. This new and distinctively different account of one of the major theoretical shifts in modern physical thought will be of fundamental interest to physical scientists and philosophers, as well as to historians of science.

For scientist and layman alike this book provides vivid evidence that the Copernican Revolution has by no means lost its significance today. Few episodes in the development of scientific theory show so clearly how the solution to a highly technical problem can alter our basic thought processes and attitudes. Understanding the processes which underlay the Revolution gives us a perspective, in this scientific age, from which to evaluate our own beliefs more intelligently. With a constant keen awareness of the inseparable mixture of its technical, philosophical, and humanistic elements, Thomas S. Kuhn displays the full scope of the Copernican Revolution as simultaneously an episode in the internal development of astronomy, a critical turning point in the evolution of scientific thought, and a crisis in Western man's concept of his relation to the universe and to God. The book begins with a description of the first scientific cosmology developed by the Greeks. Mr. Kuhn thus prepares the way for a continuing analysis of the relation between theory and observation and belief. He describes the many functions-astronomical, scientific, and nonscientific-of the Greek concept of the universe, concentrating especially on the religious implications. He then treats the intellectual, social, and economic developments which nurtured Copernicus' break with traditional astronomy. Although many of these developments, including scholastic criticism of Aristotle's theory of motion and the Renaissance revival of Neoplatonism, lie entirely outside of astronomy, they increased the flexibility of the astronomer's imagination. That new flexibility is apparent in the work of Copernicus, whose De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) is discussed in detail both for its own significance and as a representative scientific innovation. With a final analysis of Copernicus' life work-its reception and its contribution to a new scientific concept of the universe-Mr. Kuhn illuminates both the researches that finally made the heliocentric arrangement work, and the achievements in physics and metaphysics that made the planetary earth an integral part of Newtonian science. These are the developments that once again provided man with a coherent and self-consistent conception of the universe and of his own place in it. This is a book for any reader interested in the evolution of ideas and, in particular, in the curious interplay of hypothesis and experiment which is the essence of modern science. Says James Bryant Conant in his Foreword: "Professor Kuhn's handling of the subject merits attention, for...he points the way to the road which must be followed if science is to be assimilated into the culture of our times."

A good book may have the power to change the way we see the world, but a great book actually becomes part of our daily consciousness, pervading our thinking to the point that we take it for granted, and we forget how provocative and challenging its ideas once were - and still are. "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" is that kind of book. When it was first published in 1962, it was a landmark event in the history and philosophy of science. And fifty years later, it still has many lessons to teach. With "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions", Kuhn challenged long-standing linear notions of scientific progress, arguing that transformative ideas don't arise from the day-to-day, gradual process of experimentation and data accumulation, but that revolutions in science, those breakthrough moments that disrupt accepted thinking and offer unanticipated ideas, occur outside of "normal science," as he called it. Though Kuhn was writing when physics ruled the sciences, his ideas on how scientific revolutions bring order to the anomalies that amass over time in research experiments are still instructive in our biotech age. This new edition of Kuhn's essential work in the history of science includes an insightful introductory essay by Ian Hacking that clarifies terms popularized by Kuhn, including paradigm and incommensurability, and applies Kuhn's ideas to the science of today. Usefully keyed to the separate sections of the book, Hacking's essay provides important background information as well as a contemporary context. Newly designed, with an expanded index, this edition will be eagerly welcomed by the next generation of readers seeking to understand the history of our perspectives on science.

Originally published in German in 1935, this monograph anticipated solutions to problems of scientific progress, the truth of scientific fact and the role of error in science now associated with the work of Thomas Kuhn and others. Arguing that every scientific concept and theory--including his own--is culturally conditioned, Fleck was appreciably ahead of his time. And as Kuhn observes in his foreword, Though much has occurred since its publication, it remains a brilliant and largely unexploited resource. To many scientists just as to many historians and philosophers of science facts are things that simply are the case: they are discovered through properly passive observation of natural reality. To such views Fleck replies that facts are invented, not discovered. Moreover, the appearance of scientific facts as discovered things is itself a social construction, a made thing. A work of transparent brilliance, one of the most significant contributions toward a thoroughly sociological account of scientific knowledge.--Steven Shapin, Science

Die Geschichte der kopernikanischen Revolution wurde bereits oft geschrieben, doch meines Wissens nicht unter dem Blickwinkel und in dem Umfang, die hier beabsichtigt sind. Vielerlei Einzelereignisse verbergen sich hinter dem Schlagwort von der Wende oder Revolution. Ihr Kern war eine Umwandlung der mathematischen Astronomie, doch brachte sie auch begriff- liche AEnderungen in der Kosmologie, Physik, Philosophie und Religion mit sich. Einzelaspekte der kopernikanischen Revolution wurden wiederholt untersucht, und ohne die daraus entstandenen Abhandlungen hatte dieses Buch nicht geschrieben werden koennen. Die Vielfalt der Umwalzungen ubersteigt die Fahigkeiten des einzelnen Gelehrten, der die ursprunglichen Quellen studiert. Sowohl spezialisierte Untersuchungen als auch die darauf aufbauenden vereinfachenden Darstellungen verfehlen jedoch notwendiger- weise einen der wichtigsten und faszinierendsten Zuge der Revolution - ein Charakteristikum, das aus der Vielfalt der Umwalzung selbst entspringt. Wegen dieser Vielfalt bietet die kopernikanische Wende eine ideale Gelegenheit zu sehen, wie und mit welchem Ergebnis Vorstellungen aus vielen verschiedenen Gebieten sich zu einem einzigen Gedankengebaude zusammenfugen. Kopernikus selbst war ein Spezialist, ein mathematischer Astronom, der an der Korrektur esoterischer Methoden zur Berechnung von Planetenpositionen interessiert war. Oft war die Richtung seiner For- schung jedoch durch Entwicklungen bestimmt, die mit der Astronomie nichts zu tun hatten. Darunter befanden sich die veranderte Darstellung des Falles von Steinen im Mittelalter, die Wiederbelebung mystischer, antiker Anschau- ungen in der Renaissance, die die Sonne als das Abbild Gottes betrachteten, und die Atlantikreisen, die den Horizont des Menschen der Renaissance erweiterten.

Thomas Kuhn will undoubtedly be remembered primarily for The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, a book that introduced one of the most influential conceptions of scientific progress to emerge during the twentieth century. The Road since Structure, assembled with Kuhn's input before his death in 1996, follows the development of his thought through the later years of his life: collected here are several essays extending and rethinking the perspectives of Structure as well as an extensive and remarkable autobiographical interview in which Kuhn discusses the course of his life and philosophy.

La philosophie des sciences regroupe un ensemble de reflexions qui portent non seulement sur les methodes de la science - ou des sciences -, mais aussi sur ses objets, ses fondements, son histoire, sa logique ou ses effets. Ses questionnements sont donc multiples et il est difficile de lui assigner des limites bien precises. Cette selection de vingt textes cles, reunis pour la premiere fois, reflete la diversite des approches de la philosophie des sciences du XXe siecle, celle dont nous heritons aujourd'hui. Le volume II presente dix textes appartenant a la seconde moitie du XXe siecle, qui voit le declin du paradigme de l'empirisme logique et du rationalisme popperien. L'epistemologie classique est ebranlee par des critiques (Quine, Kuhn) qui ouvrent de nouveaux debats. Le naturalisme veut renoncer a tout fondement philosophique ou logique pour la science, et s'appuyer sur la science reelle pour definir l'epistemologie. L'incommensurabilite ouvre sur la dimension proprement historique de la science, de ses concepts et de ses objets. Le realisme devient une question centrale: le rapport entre langage et realite est reformule (Putnam, Quine, Bouveresse), comme les problemes de la perception, de la description des phenomenes (Van Fraassen, Cartwright, Hacking) et de l'ontologie des theories (Fine, Zahar).

"A masterly assessment of the way the idea of quanta of radiation became part of 20th-century physics. . . . The book not only deals with a topic of importance and interest to all scientists, but is also a polished literary work, described (accurately) by one of its original reviewers as a scientific detective story."--John Gribbin, "New Scientist"
"Every scientist should have this book."--Paul Davies, "New Scientist"